The book begins with a simple duplex home that focuses readers on the fundamentals of views, lines, basic dimensioning, and symbols. Next, coverage of a multi-level single family home goes into more depth in orienting and cross-referencing drawings. The third section explores multifamily construction and is accompanied by more complex drawings for practice and more advanced interpretations. The final portion of the book introduces students to elements of commercial construction, including structural steel, masonry, and reinforced concrete.
This book focuses specifically on the residential side of construction drawings. Real construction prints of family homes are integrated into the content of this textbook, along with review assignments at the end of the chapters.
Each of the remaining units helps you understand plan views more thoroughly. Site Plans A site plan gives information about the site on which the building is to be constructed.
The boundaries of the site property lines are shown. The property line is usually a heavy line with one or two short dashes between longer line segments. The lengths of the boundaries are noted next to the line symbol.
Property descriptions are usually the result of a survey by a surveyor. Surveyors and engineers usually work with decimal parts of feet, rather than feet and inches.
Therefore, site dimensions are usually stated in tenths or hundredths of feet, Figure 6—1. A symbol or north arrow of some type indicates what compass direction the site faces. Unless this north arrow includes a correction for the difference Objectives After completing this unit, you will be able to explain the general kinds of information shown on the listed plans: Site plans Foundation plans Floor plans Figure 6—1. Minimum information shown on a site plan.
Plan Views 35 between true north and magnetic north, it may be only an approximation. However, it is sufficient to show the general direction the site faces. The site plan also indicates where the building is positioned on the site. At a minimum, the dimensions to the front and one side of the site are given.
The overall dimensions of the building are also included. Anyone reading the site plan will have this basic information without having to refer to the other drawings. If the finished site is to include walks, drives, or patios, these are also described by their overall dimensions. When the footing-and-wall-type foundation is used, girders are used to provide intermediate support to the structure above, Figure 6—4. The girder is shown on the foundation plan by phantom lines and a note describing it.
Two types of foundations are commonly used in homes and other small buildings. One type has a concrete base, called the footing, supporting foundation walls, Figure 6—2. The other is the slab-on-grade type.
A slab-on-grade foundation consists of a concrete slab placed directly on the soil with little or no other support. Slabs-on-grade are usually thickened at their edges and wherever they must support a heavy load, Figure 6—3. Footing and foundation wall. Slab-on-grade foundation.
A girder provides intermediate support between the foundation walls. Figure 6—5. Foundation plan. Courtesy of Home Planners, Inc. The foundation plan includes all the dimensions necessary to lay out the footings and foundation walls. The footings follow the walls and may be shown on the plan. If they are shown, it is usually by means of hidden lines to show their outline only.
In addition to the layout of the foundation walls, dimensions are given for opening windows, doors, and ventilators. Notes on the plan indicate areas that are not to be excavated, concrete-slab floors, and other important information about the foundation, Figure 6—5.
Floor Plans A floor plan is similar to a foundation plan. It is a section view taken at a height that shows the placement of walls, windows, doors, cabinets, and other important features. A separate floor plan is included for each floor of the building. The floor plans provide more information about the building than any of the other drawings. Building Layout The floor plans show the locations of all the walls, doors, and windows. Therefore, the floor plans show how the building is divided into rooms and how to get from one room to another.
Before attempting to read any of the specific information on the floor plans, it is wise to familiarize yourself with the general layout of the building. To quickly familiarize yourself with a floor plan, imagine that you are walking through the house. For example, imagine yourself standing in the front door of the left side of the Duplex—plans for which are included in the drawing packed with this text.
You are looking across the living room. There is a closet on your right and a large window on your left. Straight ahead is the dining room with doors into a storage room and the kitchen. Looking in the kitchen doorway notice there is no door in this doorway , you see cabinets, a sink, and a refrigerator on the opposite wall.
More cabinets and a range are located on the left. Now, Plan Views 37 walk out of the kitchen and into the bedroom area.
There are three doors; one leads into a large front bedroom with a long closet, another opens into a smaller bedroom, and the third opens into the bathroom. The bathroom includes a linen closet with bifold doors. Dimensions Dimensions are given for the sizes and locations of all walls, partitions, doors, windows, and other important features.
On frame construction, exterior walls are Figure 6—6. Frame construction dimensioning. Figure 6—7. Masonry construction dimensioning. If the walls are to be covered with stucco or masonry veneer, this material is outside the dimensioned face of the wall frame. Interior partitions may be dimensioned to their centerlines or to the face of the studs.
Studs are the vertical members in a wall frame. Windows and doors may be dimensioned about their centerlines, Figure 6—6, or to the edges of the openings. Solid masonry construction is dimensioned entirely to the face of the masonry, Figure 6—7. Masonry openings for doors and windows are dimensioned to the edge of the openings. Other Features of Floor Plans The floor plan includes as much information as possible without making it cluttered and hard to read. Doors and windows are shown by their symbols, as explained in Unit 5.
Cabinets are shown in their proper positions. Describe property boundaries from a simple site plan. If the building includes stairs, these are shown on the floor plan.
Important overhead construction is also indicated on the floor plans. If the ceiling is framed with joists, their size, direction, and spacing are shown on the floor plan. Architectural features such as exposed beams, arches in doorways, or unusual roof lines may be shown by phantom lines. How far is the front of the Apartment from the front property line? What is the overall length and width of the Apartment? Tell which direction a site faces from the site plan.
What are the inside dimensions of the front bedroom? Describe the position of a building within the site using the dimensions on a site plan. What is the thickness of the partitions between the two bedrooms? List the overall dimensions of a foundation from the information on a foundation plan. What is the thickness of the interior wall between the two dining rooms?
Identify girders on a foundation plan. With two exceptions, the units in the Apartment are exactly reversed. What are the two exceptions? Describe the locations of windows shown on plans. Describe the arrangement of rooms shown on a simple, one-story floor plan. Describe other major features shown on plans. What is the distance from the west end of the Apartment to the centerline of the west front entrance?
What is indicated by the small rectangle on the floor plan outside each main entrance? What is indicated by the dashed line just outside the front and back walls on the floor plan of the Apartment? In what direction does the Apartment face? What is the length and width of the Apartment site? Plan Views 39 UNIT Elevations Objectives After completing this unit, you will be able to perform the following tasks: Drawings that show the height of objects are called elevations.
However, when builders and architects refer to building elevations, they mean the exterior elevation drawings of the building, Figure 7—1. A set of working drawings usually includes an elevation of each of the four sides of the building. If the building is very complex, there may be more than four elevations. If the building is simple, there may be only two elevations—the front and one side.
Orient building elevations to building plans. Explain the kinds of information shown on elevations. Figure 7—1. Building elevations. This is called orienting the drawings. For example, if you know which elevation is the front, you must be able to picture how it relates to the front of the floor plan. Elevations are usually named according to compass directions, Figure 7—2. The side of the house that faces north is the north elevation, and the side that faces south is the south elevation, for example.
When the elevations are named according to compass direction, they can be oriented to the floor plan, foundation plan, and site plan by the north arrow on those plans. It might help to label the edge of the plans according to the north arrow, Figure 7—3. It is not always possible to label elevations according to compass direction, however.
When drawings are prepared to be sold through a catalog or when they are for use on several sites, the compass directions cannot EAST be included. In this case, the elevations are named according to their position as you face the building, Figure 7—4.
To orient these elevations to the plans, find the front on the plans. The front is usually at the bottom of the sheet, but it can be checked by the location of the main entrance. Information on Building Elevations Building elevations are normally quite simple. Although the elevations do not include a lot of detailed dimensions and notes, they show the finished appearance of the building better than other views.
Therefore, elevations are a great aid in understanding the rest of the drawing set. The elevations show most of the building, as it will actually appear, with solid lines. Elevations are usually named according to their compass directions.
Plan labeled to help orientation to north arrow. Elevations can be named according to their relative positions. Underground portion of the building is shown with dashed lines. The footing is shown as a rectangle of dashed lines at the bottom of the foundation walls. The surface of the ground is shown by a heavy solid line, called a grade line. The grade line might include one or more notes to indicate the elevation above sea level or another reference point, Figure 7—6.
Elevation used in this sense is altitude, or height—not a type of drawing. All references to the height of the ground or the level of key parts of the building are in terms of elevation. Methods for measuring site elevations are discussed in Unit 9. Some important dimensions are included on the building elevations. Most of them are given in a string at the end of one or more elevations, Figure 7—7. The dimensions most often included are listed here: Thickness of footing Height of foundation walls Top of foundation to finished first floor Finished floor to ceiling or top of plate The plate is the uppermost framing member in the wall.
Finished floor to bottom of window headers The headers are the framing across the top of a window opening. Roof overhang at eaves Elevations 43 6'—8' Figure 7—6. The elevation of this site is feet. Figure 7—7. Dimensions on an elevation. Explain which side of a plan view is represented by a building elevation. Identify footings and foundations on building elevations. Find the height of a foundation wall on the building elevations.
Find the dimension from the floor to the top of a wall on building elevations. Find the amount of roof overhang shown on building elevations. Describe the appearance of a building from information given on the building elevations.
Which elevation is the north elevation? In what compass direction does the left end of the Apartment face? What is the dimension from the surface of the floor to the top of the wall framing? What is the thickness of the floor? How far does the foundation project above the ground? How far below the surface of the ground does the foundation wall extend?
What is the total height of the foundation walls? What is the minimum depth of the bottom of the footings? Those drawings are meant to show the relationships of the major building elements to one another. To show how individual pieces fit together, it is necessary to use larger-scale drawings and section views. These drawings are usually grouped together in the drawing set.
They are referred to as sections and details, Figure 8—1. Sections Nearly all sets of drawings include, at least, a typical wall section. The typical section may be a section view of one wall, or it may be a full section of the building.
Full sections are named by the direction in which the imaginary cut is made. Figure 8—2 shows a transverse section. A transverse section is taken from an imaginary cut across the width of the building. Transverse sections are sometimes called cross sections. A full section taken from a lengthwise cut through the building is called a longitudinal section, Figure 8—3.
Full sections and wall sections normally have only a few dimensions but have many notes with leaders to identify the parts of the wall. The following is a list of the kinds of information that are included on typical wall sections with most sets of drawings: Objectives After completing this unit, you will be able to perform the following tasks: Find and explain information shown on section views.
Find and explain information shown on large-scale details. Orient sections and details to the other plans and elevations. Typical sheet of sections and details for a small building.
Transverse section. Figure 8—3. Longitudinal section. Other section drawings are included as necessary to explain special features of construction. Wherever wall construction varies from the typical wall section, another wall section should be included. Section views are used to show any special construction that cannot be shown on normal plans and elevations. Figure 8—4 is an example of a special section in elevation. This section view is said to be in elevation because it shows the height of the ridge construction.
Figure 8—5 is in plan because it shows the interior of the fireplace as viewed from above. Sections and Details 47 Figure 8—4. Special section of ventilated ridge.
Courtesy of W. Figure 8—5. A section in plan. Other Large-Scale Details Sometimes necessary information can be conveyed without showing the interior construction. A large scale may be all that is needed to show the necessary details.
The most common examples of this are on cabinet installation drawings, Figure 8—6. Cabinet elevations show how 48 Unit 8 the cabinets are located, without showing the interior construction. Many details are best shown by combining elevations and sections or by using isometric drawings.
Figure 8—7 shows an example of an elevation and a section used together to explain the construction of a fireplace. Figure 8—8 shows an isometric detail drawing that includes sections to show interior construction. Figure 8—6. Cabinet elevations. Figure 8—7. Fireplace details. Sections and Details 49 Figure 8—8. Isometric section. Orienting Sections and Details As explained earlier, some sections and details are labeled as typical.
These drawings describe the construction that is used throughout most of the building. Sections and details that refer to a specific location in the building include a reference that indicates where the section or detail came from.
That larger source drawing has a cutting-plane line to show exactly where the section cut or detail is taken from. The cutting-plane line has an arrowhead or some other indication of the direction from which the detail is viewed. The top drawing in Figure 8—9 shows that there is a section view or detail of the construction at the skylight. The little flag at the top points to the right, so that is the direction from which 50 Unit 8 the detail at the bottom of the figure is viewed.
The label on the bottom drawing, the skylight detail, includes the number of the drawing, corresponding to the number indicated at the cutting-plane line in the top view. A reference mark near the arrow indicates where the detail drawing is shown. The reference marks that are used for orienting details may vary from one set of drawings to another. It is important, although not usually difficult, to study the drawings and learn how the architect references details.
Usually a system of sheet numbers and view numbers is used. One such numbering system was explained earlier. Some basic principles of details and sections have been discussed here. You will gain more practice later in reading details and sections. Figure 8—9. The elevation at the top indicates that the construction detail is drawing 2 on Sheet 7. The bottom drawing is that detail.
Find the part of a building from which a section view was drawn. Explain the notes commonly included on typical wall sections. Explain whether a section view is in elevation or in plan. Find the part of a building from which a large-scale detail was drawn. What kind and size of insulation is used around the foundation? Is this insulation used on the inside or outside of the foundation?
What kind and size of material is to be used on the inside of the frame walls? Sheet 2 includes a firewall detail. Where in the Apartment is this firewall? What is the distance between the centerlines of the studs in the firewall? What is the total thickness of the firewall? Were the cabinet elevations drawn of the kitchen on the east side or the west side of the Apartment?
Refer to the drawings of the Two-Unit Apartment in the packet to complete the assignment. How would the kitchen elevations be different if they were drawn from the other kitchen? What is used to show the detail of a complex design, installation, or product? What kind of section drawing is the typical wall section on Sheet 2? What is the distance from the kitchen countertop to the bottom of the wall cabinets? How far does the roof overhang project beyond the exterior walls? Where are the electrical panels located?
What kind and size material is to be used for the foundation walls? What is used between the concrete-slab floor and the exterior wall framing? Identify each of the dimensions indicated on the illustrated scale. Lays out rooms for efficient use Designs plumbing in large buildings Hires and supervises carpenters Checks to see that codes are observed e. Municipal building department f.
General contractor C. I Outline of a window Alternate position of a fold-down countertop Centerline of a round post Extension line to show extent of a dimension Buried footing Point at which an imaginary cut is made for a section view a.
Select the one best answer for each question. What kind of regulation controls the types of buildings allowed in each part of a community? Which of the listed kinds of information can be clearly shown on construction drawings? What kind of drawing is shown in Illustration 6? What kind of drawing is shown in Illustration 7? What kind of drawing is shown in Illustration 8? Where in a set of drawings would you find detail number 9.
On which drawing would you expect to find the height of the foundation wall? On which drawing would you expect to find the setback of the building? On which drawing would you expect to find the height of the window heads? Refer to the Two-Unit Apartment drawings to answer these questions.
How far is the building from the west boundary? What is the dimension from the finished floor to the top of the wall plate? What is the overall length of the building at window height? What is the overall length of the building at the eaves? What is the north-to-south dimension inside the front bedrooms?
What is the slope of the roof? What types of windows are used? How thick is the concrete footing? What material is the foundation wall? What is under the floor at its outer edges? The sequence of the units in Part II follows the sequence of actual construction. In some cases, all the information necessary for a particular phase of construction can be found on one sheet of drawings.
Other phases require cross-referencing among several drawings. The relationships among the various drawings are discussed as the need to cross-reference them arises. The assignments in this part refer to the Lake House drawings provided in the packet. The Lake House was designed as a vacation home on a lake in Virginia. The direction of a property line is usually expressed as a bearing angle.
The bearing of a line is the angle between the line and north or south. There are degrees in a complete circle, 60 minutes in a degree, and 60 seconds in a minute.
The point of beginning P. If the point of beginning is not shown on the plan, start at a convenient corner. Identify work to be included in clearing a building site according to site plans. Interpret grading indications on a site plan. Interpolate unspecified site elevations.
Figure 9—1. The approximate direction of the boundaries can be found with a handheld compass. This approximation should be accurate enough to aid in finding the marker iron pin, manhole cover, concrete marker, or similar item at the next corner.
Proceed around the perimeter in this manner to find all corners. All construction activity should be kept within the property boundaries unless permission is first obtained from neighboring landowners. Figure 9—2. The winter sun passes through deciduous trees. Clearing the Site The first step in actual construction is to prepare the site.
This means clearing any brush or trees that are not to be part of the finished landscape. Trees and other natural features can be an important part of architecture—not only for their natural beauty, but for energy conservation.
For example, deciduous trees, which lose their leaves in the winter, can be used to effectively control the solar energy striking a house. In the winter, the sun shines through the deciduous trees on the south side of a house, Figure 9—2. In the summer, the trees shade the south side of the house, Figure 9—3. The Lake House offers a good example of the importance of the selection of trees to remain on a site.
This house gets a large part of its heat from its passive-solar features. The passive-solar features are described more fully later. Trees that are to be saved are shown on the plot plan by a symbol and a note indicating their butt diameter and species, Figure 9—4. Removal of unwanted trees may require felling and stump removal, or may be accomplished with a bulldozer and dump truck.
In either case, care must be exercised not to damage the trees that are to be saved. Figure 9—3. The summer sun is shaded by deciduous trees. Figure 9—4. Typical note and symbol for individual tree. Grading Grading refers to moving earth away from high areas and into low areas. Site grading is necessary to ensure that water drains away from the building properly and does not puddle or run into the building.
In some cases, grading may be necessary for access to the site. For example, if Figure 9—5. Typical note and symbol for wooded area. Clearing and Rough Grading the Site 59 Figure 9—6. Spot elevations for specific locations. Grade is measured in vertical feet from sea level or from a fixed object such as a manhole cover. This vertical distance is called elevation. The term elevation to denote a vertical position should not be confused with elevation drawings that show the height of objects.
The elevations of specific points are given as spot elevations. Spot elevations are used to establish points in a driveway, a walk, or the slope of a terrace, Figure 9—6.
Spot elevations are often given for trees that are to be saved. The grade of a site is shown by topographic contour lines. These are lines following a particular elevation. The vertical difference between contour lines is the vertical contour interval. For plot plans this is usually 1 or 2 feet. When the land slopes steeply, the contour lines are closely spaced.
When the slope is gradual, the contour lines are more widely spaced. The builder must be concerned with not only the grade or contour of the existing site, but also that of the finished site. To show both contours, two sets of contour lines are included on the plot plan. Broken lines indicate natural grade N. When the natural-grade elevation is higher than the finished-grade elevation, earth must be removed. This is 60 Unit 9 Figure 9—7. Two sets of contour lines show that this site will be graded to be more level in the area of the building.
When the natural grade is at a lower elevation than the finished grade, fill is required. To determine the amount of cut or fill required at a given point, find the difference between the natural grade and the finished grade, Figure 9—8. Figure 9—8. Cutting is required where N. Fill is required where N. Interpolating Elevations Step 1. Scale the distance between the two adjacent contour lines 12 feet. Sometimes it is necessary to find an elevation that falls between two contour lines.
This can be done by interpolation. Interpolation is a method of finding an unknown value by comparing it with known values. Scale the distance from the unknown point to the nearest contour line 4 feet. Multiply the contour interval by the fraction of the distance between the contour lines to the unknown point. If the nearest contour line is below the other one, add this to it. If the nearest contour line is above the other one, subtract this amount.
Example: To interpolate the elevation of the tree at point A in Figure 9—9, follow the listed steps of the procedure using the information shown in the illustration and the numbers enclosed in parentheses. Figure 9—9. Framing Systems. Columns, Piers, and Girders. Floor Framing. Laying Out Walls and Partitions. Framing Openings in Walls. Roof Construction Terms. Roof Trusses. Common Rafters. Hip and Valley Framing. Windows and Doors.
Exterior Wall Coverings. Finishing Site Work. Insulation and Room Finishing. Orienting the Drawings. Town House Construction Plumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning Part III Test. Unit Heavt Commercial Construction.
Coordination of Drawings. Structural Drawings. Electrical Drawings. Part IV Test. Appendix C - Material Symbols in Sections. Appendix D - Plumbing Symbols. Appendix E - Electrical Symbols. Appendix F - Abbreviations. About the Author Mark Huth is a former editor at Delmar Cengage Learning, a role that took him inside hundreds of classrooms and allowed him to glean the best teaching methods for his students and readers.
He travels extensively throughout North America, gaining first-hand knowledge of construction methods and materials. Huth has also taught high school building construction and worked as a professional carpenter and subcontractor.
He holds a master of science degree in curriculum and instruction, as well as permanent certification in building construction from the New York State Education Department. Even though title says so
0コメント